Синтаксис английского языка

ID работы - 614559
английский язык (курсовая работа)
количество страниц - 36
год сдачи - 2012

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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ:

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Introduction 2
1. Theoretical part 4
1.1. The economy principle in linguistics: stages of research 4
1.2. Spoken language: general linguistic characteristics 8
1.3. Some core grammatical features of spoken English as a result of the principle of economy 11
2.1. Definition of Talk-Show as an Informal Conversation 16
2.2. Ellipsis and non-sentential constructions 19
2.2.1. Elliptical construction 19
2.2.2. One-member sentence 26
2.2.3 Some other forms of word economy on syntactic level 29
Conclusion 32
References 34

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ВВЕДЕНИЕ:

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Introduction

The concept of economy in linguistics has a lot of different values and meanings and can be considered and studied from many and diverse viewpoints. The concept of economy may be referred to as “the principle of least effort”, which consists in tending towards the minimum amount of effort that is necessary to achieve the maximum result. This principle is at the very core of linguistic evolution. The concept of economy can be interpreted at all the linguistic lev-els, including phonetics/phonology, morphology, syntax, lexis, discourse.
Concept of economy played an important role in several theoretical frameworks. The most famous of them are Chomskian Minimalist Program (Chomsky 1993), Optimality Theory (Prince, Smolensky, 1993) and Relevance theory (Sperber & Wilson 1986). The forerunners to these theories we should mention are American linguist and philologist George Kingsley Zipf (1949) and French linguist Andre Martinet (1962). A. Martinet described a primary mechanism of language change as coming from the interaction of two factors: “first, the requirements of communication, the need for the speaker to convey his message, and second, the principle of least effort, which makes him restrict his output of energy, both mental and physical, to the minimum compatible with achieving his ends.”
The present graduation paper deals mostly with “speaker’s economy” what means: his speech can greatly deviate from grammatical tradition, his utterance can be pressed to one word or sound that would anyway express all possible meanings, he saves himself the mental effort and time to select the appropriate linguistic forms and he saves himself the physical effort to ar-ticulate them. In particular, this study throws the spotlight on grammatical features of spoken language largely in favour of laconism and compactness.
The subject of the present graduation paper is the syntax of English spoken language. Syntactical peculiarities of word economy in the spoken language are analyzed and considered as the object of the thesis. More particularly, the aim lies in studying grammatical characteristics of word economy (more specifically, ellipsis and sentence fragments) in the spoken language. The problem of the research consists in establishing and analyzing some major peculiarities of word economy in the spoken language on the basis of British talk-shows. The descriptive analytical method of study is employed. As this paper undertakes to survey grammar of spoken interaction the works of such linguists as Geoffrey Leech, Jim Miller, Susanne Winkler, Robert Hoogen-raad, Margaret Deucher are largely applies. They provide the theoretical and terminological basis and give our study its frame.
The burning issue raised by the elliptical constructions and other non-sentential utter-ances for any theory of language is: how is it possible that we understand more than we actually hear? The answer to this question lies in the most economic division of labour between the inter-faces connecting form, sound and meaning. These connections will be described on examples from various talk-shows
This study is organized into four major sections including the introduction and the con-clusion. The theoretical part offers a brief description of the concept of economy applied for the study and points out the most remarkable linguistic researches in respect of so called “the princi-ple of least efforts”. The following two sections of this part are devoted to peculiarities of Eng-lish spoken speech emphasising on its syntax. The practical part starts with short overview of talk-show as particular instance of conversation and then investigates the elliptical constructions in detail. Further the discussion proceeds to look other syntactical features that result from econ-omy principle, such as one-word sentences, spoken clause structures and use of direct speech.



1. Theoretical part
1.1. The economy principle in linguistics: stages of research

The concept of economy in linguistics can have lots of different values and meanings and can be considered and studied from many and diverse view-points. In order to determine its several readings, a lexical and etymological definition has been attached to the word 'economy', which reveals a positive interpretation as a whole: “economy” means gain, thrift, less burden, saving; it is defined as the rule for the good administration of a house, derived as it is from the Greek ?????, which means “house”, and from ????, from nemo, which means “to deliver, to dis-tribute” (http://www.dictionary.net, http://wikipedia.org). This notion concerning the good man¬agement of the resources in a house can be metaphorically transferred from a social to a linguis-tic level; in this sense, language as a whole shows a proper balance resulting from the right dis-tribution of all internal a

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СПИСОК ЛИТЕРТУРЫ:

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References

1. Akmajian, A, Demers, R.D., Farmer, A.K., Harnish, R. M. Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication 5nd ed. The MIT Press Cambridge Massachusetts London England , 2001
2. Carter, R. and McCarthy, M. Cambridge Grammar of English, Cambridge University Press, 2006
3. Carter, R. and M. McCarthy. (1995). Grammar and the spoken language, in Applied Linguistics 16(2): 141-158Leech, G. A Communicative grammar of English London: Longman, 1994
4. Carston R. A Note on Pragmatic Principles of Least Efforts in Intercultural Pragmatics, 2005
5. Chomsky, N. The Minimalist Program. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995
6. Christian, M. and Leech, G. Current Changes in English Syntax, in The Handbook of English Linguistics. Arts, Bas and April, McMahon (eds). Blackwell Publishing, 2006.
7. Leech, G., Deuchar, M. and Hoogenraad, R. English Grammar for Today London: Longman, 1982
8. Leech, G. English Grammar in Convesration, in Conference Proceedings “Language Learning and Computers”, 1998
9. Ellipsis and Nonsentential Speech, edited by Reinaldo Elugardo and Robert J. Stainton, Springer, 2005
10. The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd edition. Edited by Keith Brown Oxford: Elsevier, 2006
11. Introduction to the Grammar of Talk, in Qualification and Curriculum Authority, London 2004
12. Hockett, C. Grammar for the hearer, in Language for Hearers (ed) McGregor G Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1986 49-68
13. Lerner, G. On the syntax of sentences in progress, in Language in Society 20, 1991 441-458
14. McCarthy, M. and Carter, R. Ten criteria for a spoken grammar, in New Perspectives on Grammar Teaching in Second Language Classrooms. E Hinkel and S Fotos (eds) Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2001, 51-75
15. Martinez, M.R. Political interviews, talk show interviews, and debates on british TV: a contrastive study of the interactional organisation of three broadcast genres, 2000
16. Miller, J. An Introduction to English Syntax Edinburgh University Press 2002
17. Rayevska N.M. Modern English Grammar, Kiev, 1976, 2004
18. Wekker, H. and Haegeman, L. A Modern Course in English Syntax Routledge London – New-York 1996
19. Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia http://wikipedia.urg
20. Britannica Online Encyclopedia http://www.britannica.com/

The transcripts of talk-shows
1. Richard & Judy Show, March 9, 2006 (with Anthony Head)
2. Richard & Judy Show, June 26, 2006 (with J.K. Rowling)
3. Richard & Judy Show, (with Martin Pashly)
4. Richard & Judy Show, (with Olympic rower James Cracknell)
5. Richard & Judy Show, July 25, 2006 (with George Michael)
6. Richard & Judy Show (with Derek Butler Chair of the Charity MRSA Action UK)
7. Wogan: Now & Then, UKTV Gold, February 23, 2006 (with Anthony Head)
8. The Johnny Vaughn Show, January 17, 2002 (with Orlando Bloom)
9. The Johnny Vaughan Show, 27 September 2002 (with Nick Carter)
10. The Sharon Osbourne Show, ITV, August 31, 2006 (with Anthony Head)
11. Graham Norton Show, March 1, 2002 (with Orlando Bloom)
12. GMTV ITV, Interviewers: Jenni Falconer and Michael Underwood. April 28, 2006 (with Anthony Head)
13. BBC Somerset Radio, April 14, 2006, interviewer: Helen Otter (with Anthony Head)
14. John Uphoff Show, BBC Radio Jersey, June 17, 2005 (with Anthony Head)
15. The Jo Whiley Show, Radio One (UK), July 11, 2003 (with Orlando Bloom)
16. Somerset Sound Morning Jo, Somerset Sound Radio, interviewer: Jo Phillips August 17, 2006 (with Anthony Head and Sara Fisher)
17. Steve Wright in the Afternoon, BBC Radio 2, June 6, 2007 (with Anthony Head)
18. The Danny Baker Breakfast Show, BBC London Radio. November 28, 2003 (with Anthony Head)
19. This Morning interview, ITV, hosts: Lorraine Kennedy and Phillip Schofield, November 24, 2003 (with Anthony Head)
Цена: 2000.00руб.